Table 4. Manifistations of Creativity in the Phenomenal Worlds
Symbolic world Creative Problem Solving Process |
Social world Creative dialogue Place |
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Culture Realization of Creative attitude, Sense |
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Objective world Creative Activity Product |
Inner world Creative self-actualization Person |
Creativity as a governance with the help of the sample and the virtues and bringing things into order (Confucius, 6-5th. cc. BC.); Taking a stand of the center, "Axis of Tao", balancing, maintaining openness, emptiness and susceptibility (Laozi ,6-5th. cc. BC, Chuang Tzu, 4-3cc. BC); Creativity as an implementation of Method - "New Organon" (F. Bacon, 1620); The method of reasoning and searching for the truth (R. Descartes, 1637); Determining unconscious tendency that guides the process and persists in problem solving (O. Külpe,1883); Special "task mental set" (H. Watt, 1906); Determining tendencies of thinking in problem solving (N. Ach, 1910); Anticipative "schema," or an organizing mental principle (O.Selz, 1924), The implementation of creative dominant (A.A. Ukhtomsky, 1922); Creative set and activation of the unconscious (D. Uznadze, 1949); Creativity as a special state of mind, the Creative Attitude, the ability to see the world (E. Fromm, 1959,1970); Creative dispositions (G. Allport, 1961; D. Perkins, E. Jay, S. Tishman,1993; A. Galdova, A. Nelicki,1993); Creative Attitude (A.Maslow, 1963; R. Taft, M.B. Gilchrist,1970; C.E. Schaefer,1971; R.C. Schank, P. G. Childers, 1988; R. Harris,1998); Creative Stance (S.J. Parnes,1967; K. Szmidt, 1997).
Implementation of Creative Method (A. Osborne, 1953; W. Gordon, 1961 G.S. Altshuller, 1961; S. Parnes, 1967; E. de Bono, 1967; T. Buzan, 1972; D.Koberg, J. Bagnall, 1976; Arthur В. VanGundy, 1983; Roger von Oech, 1983; M. Michalko, 1991);
Creative cognitive styles (M.J. Kirton, 1976; L.D. Noppe, J.M. Gallagher, 1977; S. Messick, 1984; R.E. Goldsmith,1987; S.F.Isaksen, 1987; G.J. Puccio,1987; S. J. Guastello, J. Shissler, J. Driscoll, T. Hyde ,1998; I. Al-Sabaty, G. A. Davis, 1989; R.Schulz,1989; E.Zilevich,1988; K.B. Dorval, G. Kaufmann, 1991; S.F. Isaksen, G.J. Puccio, D.J. Treffinger, 1993; E. L. Grigorenko, R. J. Sternberg, 1995; C.W. Allinson, J. Hayes,1996; K. Szmidt,1997; O. Martinsen, G. Kauffman,1999; Jos Lemmink, Allard C.R. van Riel, Hans Ouwersloot, 2006; L.F. Zhang, R.J. Sternberg, 2006, E. Cools, H.van den Broeck, 2007);
Intuitive style of unconscious information processing and problem-solving (H. Poincaré, 1908; C.G. Jung, 1921; K.S. Bowers, G. Regehr, C. Blthazard, 1990; E. Policastro, 1995; R. Sternberg, T. Lubart, 1995; C. W. Allinson, E. Chell, J. Hayes, 2000; A.M. Baulor, 2001; D.J. Myers, 2002; J. Langan-Fox, D. Shirley, 2003; E. Necka, 2003; M. Karwowski, 2008); Creative (legislative) style of thinking (R.J. Sternberg, T. Lubart, 1995); Cognitive styles, metacognitive regulation of intellectual activity (M.A. Kholodnaja, 2004); Creative reflection, metacognitive regulation and awareness of mental strategies (J. H. Flavell, 1976, I.N Semenov, S.J., Stepanov, 1985; A.L. Costa,1987; R. Sternberg, 1988; V. G. Bogin, 1993; A Demetriou, S. Kazi, 2006); Strategies of creativity and genius (G.S. Altshuller, I.M. Vertkin, 1994; R. Dilts, 1994).
Creativity as a creation of new meanings. Generation of new meanings through a free interpretation (F. Nietzsche, 1988); Individual attaches the subjective meaning to their actions and intends the meaning on a particular historical occasion (M. Weber, 1904, 1922); Creativity as sense-giving acts and process of senses or meanings (Sinne) constituting (E. Husserl, 1913); Creative principle of synchronicity as the coincidence of causally unrelated events having identical or similar meaning (C. Jung, 1920); Listening to Being and seeing the true essences and senses of Being (M. Heidegger, 1927); Creativity as inner speech, which is to a large extent thinking in pure meanings; expanding individual and cultural meaning; bring a new sense into the phenomenon's social meaning; "the clarification of meanings and the establishment of values" (L.Vygotsky,1931, 1934); Choosing of the initial project as a source of polyvalent meanings (Z.P.Sartr, 1943); Giving a meaning to phenomena through existential a priori structures (L. Binswanger, 1958 R.May, 1969); Searching and finding of a new meanings (V. Frankl, 1959); Potentiation of the text, multiplication of its semantic possibilities (G. Bataille, 1949); Generation of new meanings and overcoming functional fixedness’s by the using a complex analogy (W. Gordon, 1961); Spontaneous generation and construction of meanings by the text, a systematic releasing of multiple meaning (R. Barthes, 1964); Cosmological commitment as a powerful motive to create meaning and to leave a testament of the meaning which that individual found in the world, and in himself in relation to the world"(F.Barron, 1965); Deconstruction as destroing/constructing of meanings, breaking with every given context, and engender infinitely new contexts, eternal interplay and free play of meaning, dissemination and divided generation of meaning, undoing, decomposing, desedimenting and destroying, reconstructing of structures and constituting of an ‘ensemble’ of meanings (J. Darrida, 1967,1972); Event or emission of singularities creates new sense (G. Deleuze, 1969); Artistic creative sensibility as intuitive discoursing of inherent senses and meanings (R. Arnheim, 1969); Divergent thinking as the stretching of sense (J. Guilford, 1970); The meaningful interpretation of clusters of sensory stimuli (C. Castaneda, 1971); Generation of meaning through the "primacy of context over text", the hybrid nature of language and the relation between utterances or dialogical interplay of multiple voices (M. Bakhtin, 1975); Spontaneous unpacking of the meanings which are inherent in the World (V. V. Nalimov 1978); “Grand narratives” or metanarratives, which give meaning to the worlds, “language games”, “phrase regimens”, the innumerable and incommensurable separate systems which produce multiple meanings (J.F. Lyotard, 1979, 1983); Chaos/complexity, flow of transformation as a state in which forms appear, "rhizomatic" as a condition for free, multiple and non-hierarchical interpretation (G. Deleuze, F.Guattari,1980); Spontaneous self-generation of preconceptual meanings (E.Gendlin, 1981); Generation of meanings as lingvisation of the World (R. von Eckartsberg, 1981); Intertextuality and symbolic imagination as a source of generation and renewal of meanings (U. Eco, 1983); Transformation of meaning as context and content reframing (R. Bandler, J. Grinder, 1983); Creating semantic horizon and contexts, activation of unopened meaning (K. Swassjan, 1987); Sense–generation (В.S.Вrаtus, 1994; D.A. Leontiev, 1999; S.V. Dmitriev, 2001), Sense-construction (F. Е. Vasilyuk, 1984); Creative understanding as the extraction, transmission and generation of new meanings (V.P.Zinchenko, 1997); Sense-creation (A.A.Osanov); Potentiation is a positive deconstrection, as reconstruction of potentialities, the method and the process of multiplication of meanings (M.Epstein,2001).
Creating new meanings through metaphors. Metaphors, tropes, figurative language as the first expressions and the primary sources of meaning (J.J. Rousseau, 1754,1781); The involuntary nature of the images, similes and metaphors as the truest and simplest means of expression (F. Nietzsche,1888).
Interactive theory: Metaphor, as creating meaning through the interaction of two thoughts – “vehicle” and “tenor” (I.A. Richards, 1936), interaction between the “focus” and frame”, idea of “associated commonplaces,” (M. Black, 1954, 1962); interaction between the primary an secondary subjects (M.C. Beardsley,1962); Metaphors put two domains together (W.H.Gass,1970); Metaphor involves the transfer of a schema between disjoint realms. (N. Goodman,1976); Transfer and "mapping" from a source cognitive model to a target domain, which means that "metaphor operates between domains" (E.E.Sweetser, 1990); Process of connection and comparison between two familiar concepts acts as generators for new meaning" (D.F.N. Jensen, 2006).
Pragmatic Twist Accounts and Speech Act Theory. "A theory of language is part of a general theory of action" Metaphorical meaning is the speaker's utterance meaning, which distinguishing from "word/sentence meaning." (J.R.Searle, 1969,1979), Metaphor concerns what speakers mean as opposed to what their words mean. Creating own new, original, or poetic meaning is saying through normal everyday meanings. (O.Barfield, 1962, T. Cohen, 1975, Davidson,1984;P. Grice, 1989; L. Horn, 2004).
Metaphor as shifting of attitude, as seeing things in a new way. Metaphora based on aesthetic perception, "seeing as" or perspectival seeing (L.Wittgenstein, 1953, R. Aldrich,1958, M. Hester,1966); Metaphor –in which one, iconic component presents other and induces similarities ( P. Henle,1958); Сreative metaphor as gaining a new perspective on object, situation or phenomenon (making the familiar strange, seeing a familiar objects as if they were not familiar, W.Gordon,1961, 1965; displacement of Concepts, D.A. Schon 1963, 1979); New meaning as a result shifting of attitude, viewing something in a certain way (M. Black, 1962); Visual methapor uses an image to create the link between different ideas (V.C Aldrich, 1968); Seeing as is seeing the similar in the dissimilar (P. Recoer,1975); Metaphor as non-visual seeing as (W. Snibles, 1976), Metaphor as a model for changing our way of looking at things, of perceiving the world (P.Ricoeur,1978); Creativity as humor and metaphor (W. Snibles, 1976,1984); Metaphors are like words of fiction: a novel metaphor creates a new view of the subject, suggests new perspectives (I.Loewenberg, 1978); Crucial role of imagination's functions of seeing and picturing as ability to produce new kinds by assimilation, in metaphor making (P. Ricoeur, 1979); Ontological metaphors are the "ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc., as entities and substances" (G. Lakoff, M. Johnson, 1980); Мetaphors as creative perception (C.Dent-Read, A.Szokolszky 1993); Generating new perceptions and inventions (F.R. Ankersmit, J.J.A. Mooij, 1993); Metaphor as seeing one thing in terms of another, see part of reality in terms of a (metaphorical) point of view, making the unfamiliar familiar (F.R. Ankersmit, 1994); Metaphor as vision or mental model of environments (sensemaking) and articulating that model to other (sensegiving) (R.Hill,1995); Creative organizational vision building through collaborative, visual-metaphorical thought (D. Ambrose,1998); “The application of familiar operations to a different sets of objects resulted in a novel perspective”. (B. Indurkhya, 2010).
Metaphor in Creative Cognition and Cognitive Linguistics: Metaphors are catalysts in the creative growth of language; they extend meaning, making the unconscious conscious, increasing accuracy and variety (Owen,1962); Metaphor as two-way influence between language and imaginary, meaning and imagery (M. Hester, 1967); Metaphor necessarily occurs in any language that could ever claim to embody richness and depth of understanding (C. M.Turbayne, 1970); Metaphors as creative use of polysemy – new meaning is metamorphosis of language and reality (P.Ricoeur,1973); Metaphora as mechanism of generating new meaning (J. Lotman, 1973); Metaphor as creation of meaning by the interpretation of reality in diverse ways (P. Ricœur, 1975); Metaphorical discourse ‘invents’ in both senses of the word: what it creates, it discovers; and what it finds, it invents (P. Ricoeur, 1978); The creative dimension of language consonant with the creative aspect of reality itself (P. Ricoeur, 1978); Imagination projects itself onto the structure of language to make metaphorizing possible (D. Davidson 1978, 1980); Metafor acts highlight unnoticed properties of the topic (A. Ortony, 1979); The emergence of metaphoric language and making sense of literal and nonliteral falsehood (E. Winner, 1979, 1988); Conceptual metaphor is "imaginative rationality”, it creates similarities ( G.Lakoff, M.Johnson (1980); Language grows and expands meaning by means of metaphors. (R. von Eckartsberg, 1981); Similarity is a product of categorisation (S.Glucksberg, B. Keysar 1990); Producing of a new meanings by interaction between concepts, “theory of conceptual blending” (G. Fauconnier, M. Turner 1995); Metaphor is the very stuff of high-level mental representation. (T.Veale, 1995); Poetic metaphor as creating the similarities between two objects or situations (M.Gineste, B.Indurkhya, V.Scart-Lhomme 1997; M.Nueckle, D.Jantezko 1997; R.Tourangeau, L. Rips 1991). Metaphor making and processing as overlap between constitutive (imagination-rationality), and interpretative (convention-intention) pairs (Z. Maalej, 1999, 2008); Metaphor as Re-Representation and Creative Analogy,humor, Ironic Similes Creative Mis-Representation in the Construction of Ironic Similes (T. Veale, 2006. 2012); "Blends," in which conceptually fusing or integrating of various elements from two or more domains, or frames (M.Turner, 1996; Fauconnier, M.Turner, 2002); Combine perceptual, experiential and conceptual aspects of different concepts subconsciously to generate new insights (G. Fauconnier, M. Tuner, 2002); Metaphor as construal operations (perspective, gestalt structuring) (A. Cruse, W.Croft 2004). Metaphor as simultaneous mirroring and mapping (M.C.Flannery, 2009).
Nonlinguistic metaphors and Conceptual Metaphor: Nonlinguistic (musical, painting, dancing) metaphors, as a way of expressing of personal world and human emotions (L. Meyer,1956, Whittock, T. ,1992; M. Blechner, 2001 Johnson, M., Larson, S. , 2003); Metaphor as a maker of novel creates new possible world (I. Loewenberg, 1978); Metaphors as an effective mechanism for the co- construction and expansion of culture, metaphors are pervasive in everyday life, not just in language, but also in thought and action. Metaphor as organizing conceptual system, reorganizing the topic and creation of new features (G.Lakoff, M.Johnson, 1980, G. Lakoff, 1987); Metaphors create similarities (ontological link) and conceptualize experience (epistemological link) (M. Johnson, 1981) Metaphor as dreamwork and irrationality (M. Cavell, 1986); Metaphors "that are most alive and most deeply entrenched, efficient, and powerful are those that are so automatic as to be unconscious and effortless." (G. Lakoff, M. Tuner, 1989); The metaphorical statement implies to mind a imaginative game of make-believe. (K. Walton, 1990,1993); Metaphora as theoretical foundation by integrating many theories of creativity (D. Ambrose, 1996); Model of emotional resonance shows how creative people with the help of metaphor can access and associate concepts (I.Getz, T.I.Lubart, 1998); Metaphorical polysemy and corpus-based research into metaphor (A. Deignan, 1999 2003); Metaphors as revealing of complex processes and patterns, and making implicit imaginal processes more explicit through social interaction (C. Schank ,V. John-Steiner, 2001); Metaphor as a research tool, as a teaching tool, as a generative tool for creative thinking, perception and interpretation (D. Inns, 2002, J. Gaddefors, 2007); Metaphor as interaction of two imaginative activity –pretense and seeing - as E.Camp (2003, 2009); Effect of cross-culturally using metaphors (A. Deignan, 2003, T. Grisham, 2006); Emergence of metaphor in discourse (L. Cameron, A. Deignan, 2006), Patterns of metaphor use in reconciliation talk (L. Cameron, 2007b). Metaphor as descriptive tool which "can create an understanding of a scientific principle in the mind of an artist or a young student, a sales manager or subsistence farmer"( J. Harris, B.K. Barnes, 2006); “Appropriate body action, or even imagined action, enhances people's embodied, metaphorical construal of abstract concepts” (N.L. Wilson, R.W. Gibbs, 2007); Metaphor is a multifaceted, valuable tool that gives dimension to language, create complexity, give clarity, and develop creativity (R. B. Van Engen,2008); "Pressure of coherence": the pressure of their bodily experiences and the pressure of the context that surrounds them. In later and more recent studies (Z. Kovecses, 2008, 2009); Metaphorical creativity as result of four common conceptual devices or strategies of elaboration,extension, questioning, and combining (Z. Kovecses, 2009); Context-induced metaphors are resulting from the social-cultural-personal background and lending coherent meaning structures to particular poems (M.J.Landau, B.R.Meier, L.A.Keefer , 2010); Metaphor Analysis (metaphor-led discourse analysis), using metaphor as research tool (L. Cameron, R. Maslen, Z. Todd, J. Maule, P. Stratton, N. Stanley, 2009, 2010); Metaphor as a mode and vehicle of thought, creative tool knowledge-building and communication ( J. Ox, J. Van Der Elst, 2011); The persuasive power of metaphor in Politics and rhetoric ( J. Chateris-Black, 2005); Communication-based theory of metaphor (L.D. Ritchie, 2006); Metaphors as a Tool to Decipher Tacit Aspects and unconscious meaning (T. Steger, 2007); Significance of metaphor in language, thought, culture, education and artistic expression. (G.D. Low, 2008); Сontext as the source of meanings “Only in the context of a speech act does a sentence express a determinate content”(F. Recanati, 2004; Ch.Travis, 2008).
Metaphors as A Valuable tools organizations tackle and way to create a positive environment: Using metaphor is a valuable tool for leaders/followers for enhancing communication in organizations and (K.Weick, 1979); Tools for shaping the organizational culture by presenting reality in a creative way, by creating new ideas, and by shaping vision (G.Morgan, 1997); Metaphor "gives life to vision" and enabled leaders to develop a "shared identity" with followers (J. M., Kouzes, B. Z.Posner 2002); "Stories, allegories, and metaphors are fast and powerful leadership tools for communicating complex concepts in unforgettable ways" (J. Harris, K. B. Barnes, 2006); Metaphor creates clarity by comparing confusing ideas with known objects allowing the audience to understand what is being communicated (G. Leder, 2007); "Metaphors help constitute the realities we live in. Metaphors give groups and organizations a sense of direction, history, and values" (F. Gerritsen, 2006); The use of metaphors, storytelling, and poetry in the leadership (T. Grisham 2006); Makes mention of “insights from metaphors” and “how metaphors take part in the construction of the environment (J. Gaddefors, 2007); Metaphor as a means to understanding complex and abstract ideas and organizational leadership (G.B.Linn, R.Sherman, P.B. Gill, 2007).
Creative product as a model of creativity (I.A.Taylor, B.J.Sandler, 1972; W.C.Ward, P.W.Cox, 1974; D. MacKinnon, 1978; L.Briskman, 1980; T.Amabile, 1982, 1983, 1996; Pearlman, 1983; K.B. Dorval, D.J. Treffinger, K. O'Quinn, 1990; S. P. Besemer, K. O’Quinn, 1987, 1993; R. Firestien, 1993; S.G. Isaksen,1994).
Creativity, as the creating of the product, which is characterized by:
1. Novelty (originality, uniqueness, unexpectedness, uncommonness, rareness, unpredictably) Originality and uncommonness (J.P.Guilford,1950); Novelty (D.N. Morgan,1953, C.R. Hausman, 1987); Rareness (R. Milgram, 1976); Novelty as essential element of unpredictably (L. Briksman, 1880); Novel creative product is a “new type” (C.R. Hausman, 1987); Kind of novelty: big ‘C’ the creativity of the genius and little ‘c’ for the more widely available type (M. Stein.1987); Continuum of novelty : from correction to qualitative transformation, innovative and adaptive novelty (M.Kirton,1989; G. Kaufmann,1993; L. Novelli, 1993); Private/Psychological Novelty and Public/Historic Novelty (M. Boden, 1994; H. Eysenck, 1994); Novelty as unexpectedness, unpredictability or surprising (F. Barron, 1995); Creativity as the production of effective novelty (A.J.Cropley, 1999; T.Lubart, 2001; M. Mumford, 2003); Originality that closely linked to the novelty, which is the essence of the creativity (D.N. Jackson, S.J. Messick, 1967; F. Barron, 1988; R.A. Ochse, 1990; G. Kaufmann,1993; T. Lubart, 1996); Creativity based on “successful novelty” (R. Gregory, 1981); Creativity based on “radical novelty”, that distinguish from trivial forms of novelty (C.R. Hausman,1987); Classification of novel output: Original, Germinal, Transformational (S.P.Besemer, K. O’Quinn 1987); Some levels of novelty : from lowest level –“difference” to highest -“radical newness” (G. Kaufmann,1993, 2003); Two kinds of novelty : «novelty of component mental operation' and 'novelty of the content of the task» (H. Gardner, R. Sternberg, 1994); Originality which is defined within sociocultural group to provide meaningful criteria (K.Simonton, 1999); Distinction between novelty on the stimulus and novelty on the response side (G. Kaufmann, 2003).
2. Novelty and value (relevance, appropriateness, significance, usefulness, effectiveness, purposefulness, logicalness, fit, adequacy, valuableness, intrinsically good, contributes to something and meets task constraints).
Creative solution: a new and useful, denying the old ideas and the result of strong motivation and persistence, the result of clarifying the problem (A.Newell, I.Shaw, H.Simon, 1962); Novelty and appropriateness (P.W.Jackson, S. Messick 1965); Novelty and relevance (G.F. Kneller, 1965); Production of novel and useful ideas (M. Stein, 1974); Creative product that characterized by Novelty and value (L.Briskman, 1980); Creative products, tangible and intangible, must be unique only to the creator, and must meet the criteria of purpose and value established by the creator (P.K. Welsch,1980); Creative product is both a novel and usefulness (K. Gilhooley,1982, F.Barron,1995); Creative product is both a novel and appropriate, useful, correct or valuable (T. Amabile, 1983. 1996; L.Novelli, 1993); Novelty and intelligibility (C. Hausman, 1985); Two essential qualities of creative outcome: Novelty (newness, uniqueness) and Value (usefulness, appropriateness, resolution) (M. Rhodes, 1987); Novelty and Value (it is useful, intrinsically good, contributes to something) (C. Hausman, 1987); Novelty and Value (Adequacy, Appropriateness, Logicalness, Usefulness, Valuableness) ( S.P.Besemer, K. O’Quinn, 1987); Originality must be balanced with fit and appropriateness (M. Runco, 1988); Creative solution as long as it is novel and fulfils the requirements of the task (R. Weisberg, 1988, 1993, 2003); Creative work that is both novel (original or unexpected) and appropriate (useful or meets task constraints) (R.Sternberg, T. Lubart, 1996); Novelty and purposefulness (T.Amabile, 1998; R.L. Firestien, 1993); Creative work is both new or original and appropriate or useful and be acknowledged as such by social consensus (F. Barron, 1995); Сreativity involves being both original and useful (R. E. Mayer 1999); A creative idea is one that is both original and appropriate for the situation in which it occurs (C. Martindale 1999); Creative product “must be new and must be given value by some external criteria” (H.E.Gruber, D.B.Wallace 1999); Novel and appropriate to situation due to its context – specifity, novel and social valued product (M.Mumford, S.Gustafson, 1988); Novelty and adaptability (T. Lubart, 2001); Originality (uniqueness, uncommonness) and effectiveness (usefulness, fit, appropriateness) (M. A.Runco, G. J. Jaeger, 2012).
3. Aesthetics, Emotionality and Surprise: Harmony, beauty and usefulness (H. Poincaré, 1908); Creative work is guided by aesthetic feeling (B. Ghiselin 1952, P.Dirac, 1977); "Effective surprise", "shock of recognition" (J. Bruner, 1962, 1968); Aesthetic value (M. Csikszentmihalyi, J. W Getsels, 1971, 1976, R.A. Combos, 1972); Beauty as well as simplicity as criteria for scientific theories (S. Chandrasekhar 1973, 1987); Mysteriousness (L.Briskman, 1980); High in quality (R.Sternberg, 1985,1988); Creative products, by being unpredictable, unanticipated or unexpected, cause emotional states of surprise (M.Boden, 1992; T.Lubart,1994); Aesthetically pleasing, (S.W. Russ, 1993); Aesthetics (M.Runco, 1994); Novel, Originality, surprising (C.M. Christensen, 1997); Aesthetics play the most central role in mathematical solution, thought and product (D.R. Hofstadter 1979; P.J. Davis,R.Hersh,1981; T. Dreyfus, T. Eisenberg 1986; L. Burton, 2004); Beauty as simplicity combined with complexity, that bring out aesthetic feelings (A. Br inkmann 2000); Surprise as a feature of creative solutions; The influence Surprise-value of creative product (L. Masedo, 2001; L. Masedo, A.Cardoso, 2001); Aesthetic factor playes a crucial role in the creative mathematics work (A. Brinkmann, B. Sriraman, 2009).
4. A system of criteria for creative product: Novelty, usefulness in accomplishing a goal, elaboration of original insight (D.MacKinnon,1962); Unusualness, appropriateness, transformation and condensation (J.S. Dacey, G.F. Madaus,1969); Popularity, productivity, level of reconstruction of scientific understanding of the Universe, breadth of impact, degree of novelty, social value (J.A. Ponomarev,1976); Five criterion of creative product: 1. Novelty. Originality. 2. Adaptivity to reality. The product must solve a problem. 3. Product must be evaluated, elaborated, developed, produced and communicated to other. 4. Aesthetically pleasing and looking good. 5. Transforming human existance. (D. MacKinnon,1978); Creative Product Analysis Matrix (CPAM) that consists of three scales: Novelty (Original, Transformational (surprising), and Germinal), Resolution (Valuable, Logical, and Useful), Elaboration & Synthesis (Original, Elegant, Complex vs. Simple, Understandable, and Well-Crafted) (S. Besemer, D. Treffinger, 1981; S. Besemer, K. O’Quin, 1985, 1993); Novelty, consensual, aesthetic quality (T. Amabile, 1982, 1983); New, appropriate and judged by qualified experts in that domain, by using Consensual Assesment Teqnique (CAT)(T. Amabile,1982, J. Baer, 1993; J. Baer, J.C.Kaufman, C. A. Gentile, 2004; J.C. Kaufman, J. Baer, 2012); New, workable, efficient, magical (S. Pearlman, 1983); Synergistic interaction of many factors (S .Pearlman, 1983; M. Chikszentmihayi,1990); Creative product must be appropriate, correct, useful, valuable or expressive of meaning (T. Amabile, E. Tighe 1993); Social value, aesthetic appeal, approprietness (M. Runco, 1993); Creative product is (a) unique, original, novel; (b) good: adaptive, useful, aesthetically, pleasing, according to standards (S.W. Russ,1993); Novelty, Validity (conceptual, theoretical, expressive, instrumental, social), Increment, Realization (M. Murdock, S. Isaksen, S. Vosburg, D. Lugo, 1993); Creative Product Semantic Scale (СРSS) (based on CPAM), used to define creativity in products (S. Besemer, K. O’Oquin,1986, 1987, K. O’Oquin, S. Besemer, 1989); Creative solution requires the production of something that is perceived as new, valuable and elegant (T. Amabile, 1987); The model of the creative product: a). novelty, statistical rarity, b). adaptability, problem solving, appropriateness c) originality, improving, developing into a whole (D. Harrington, 1990); Originality, adaptability, aesthetics (M. Runco, 1994); Triad of criteria of creativity: features of the product, reactions of recipient, features of the thinking process (E. Necka, 1994); Appropriateness, quality and importance of a product (R. Sternberg, T. Lubart, 1995); Novel (original, unexpected), high in quality and appropriate (useful, meets task constraints (R. Sternberg, 1988; T. Lubart, R. Sternberg,1995); Novelty, effectiveness and ethicality’ (D. Cropley, 2002); Novel, relevant, effective (D. Cropley, A. Cropley, 2005) Novelty (Surprising, Original), Resolution (Logical, Useful, Valuable, Understable), Style (Organic, Elegant, Well-Crafted) (S. P. Besemer, 2006); Effectiveness (aesthetical, theoretical, interpersonal), novelty (different, unique), authenticity (originates in the self) (L. Sundararajan, J. R. Averill, 2007); A set of criteria for creativity: a list of 18 criteria which centers around three attributes: novelty, quality, and typicality (G. Ritchie, 2007); Creative (surprising, seminal, germinal), routine (effective, accurate, conventional) A. J. Cropley, D.H.Cropley, 2009); Creative product must have: Utility, Novelty, Surprise, Human agency (S. Draper, 2012).
Productive thinking as an internal activity that focused on mastery of a task (O. Kulpe, 1895, N.Ach, 1905; K. Marbe, 1922; O. Selz, 1924); Creativity as a process of transformation of a problematic situation into the resolved one (J. Dewey, 1910); Creativity as the insightful problem solving (W. Köhler, 1925; K. Duncker, 1945; M. Wertheimer, 1945); Behavioral mechanisms of problem solving (N. R. F. Maier, 1940; I. Maltzman,1955); Sensivity to problems (J.Guilford,1950); The first Creative Problem Solving (CPS): three distinct stages: Fact-Finding, Idea-Finding and Solution-Finding (A. F. Osborn, 1953, 1979); The Creative Problem Solving Process (CPS), the Osborn-Parnes CPS process: 1. Exploring the Challenge Mess-finding (Objective Finding), Fact-finding, Problem-Finding, 2. Generate Ideas Idea-finding, 3.Prepare for Action Solution finding (Idea evaluation), Acceptance-finding (Idea implementation) (A. F. Osborn, 1953, S. J. Parnes, 1967); The theory of problem-solving and creative thinking (A. Newell, J.C. Shaw, H.A. Simon (1958, 1962); Sensitivity to problems, process of sensing gaps or disturbing, missing elements and forming ideas, solution or hypotheses and testing them (E. Torrance, 1962, 1967); Creative problem solving programs and methods S. J Parnes, A. Meadow, 1959, 1960; A. Meadow, S. J. Parnes, H.W. Reese, 1959, S. J. Parnes, 1963); Structure of Intellect Problem Solving (J. Guilford, 1967); Problem-solving process (J. Kozielecki, 1969); Creativity as a process of problem solving and resolution of contradictions (G.S. Altshuller, 1964, 1979; B.V.Kedrov, 1969; D.C. Tikhomirov, 1969; Bogoyavlenskaya D.B., 1971; A.F. Esaulov, 1972; A.M. Matyushkin, 1972; J. A. Ponomarev, 1976; A.V. Brushlinskii, 1979; G.J. Bush, 1974; V.A.Molyako, 1983; V.A. Yakovlev, 1989); Creative problem solving methods, techniques and tools (W. Gordon, 1961; Edward de Bono, 1972; J.L.Adams, 1974; T. Rickards, 1974; T. Buzan,1976; D. Koberg, J.Bagnal, 1976, R. Ackoff; 1978; Roger von Oech 1983; M. Zdenek, 1983; A.B. VanGundy, 1988; M.Michalko, 1991; J. Wyckoff, 1991; С. Crawford, 1983); Process of problem finding, intellectual vision of the missing elements (M. Czikszentmihalyi, J. W. Getzels, 1965, 1970, 1976; J.A. Glover,1979; R. Weisberg, J. Alba,1981; M. T. Moor, 1983; S. J. Parnes, S. G.Isaksen, 1985; R. Ochse, 1990; M. T. Moore, M. C. Murdock, 1991; М. Runco, I. Chund, 1992; T. Amabile, 1996; D. Perkins,1997); The CPS that includes five stages, to include Fact-Finding, Idea-Finding, Solution-Finding, Problem-Finding and Acceptance-Finding (S. J. Parnes, 1967; R. B. Noller, S. J. Parnes, A. M. Biondi, 1976; S. J. Parnes, Noller, A. M. Biondi, 1977).
Problem solving and cognitive processes (D.M. Johnson, 1972; P.K.Arlin, 1974; G. S. Welsch, 1975; J. H. Flavell, 1976; J. G. Greeno, 1980; J. Davidson, R. Sternberg, 1982; H. Gardner, 1985; R.E. Mayer,1983); Intuition in the creative problem solving (H. H Anderson, 1959; K. Raaheim, 1976, 1984; M. Polanyi, 1981); Problem solving and creative thinking (R. E. Mayer, 1983; R. W. Weisberg, 1988); Cognitive styles in problem solving (S. G. Isaksen, G. J. Puccio,1988; S. G. Isaksen, K.B. Dorval, G. Kaufmann, 1991); Problem construction and cognition (M. D. Mumford, R. Reiter-Palmon, M. R. Redmond, 1994).
The model of creative problem solving (CPS) (Buffulo Group): The fundamental model of creative problem solving (CPS) (D. J. Treffinger, S. G. Isaksen, R. L. Firestien, 1982); The CPS that includes six stages: Data-Finding, Mess-Finding, Idea-Finding, Solution-Finding, Problem-Finding, Acceptance-Finding and accomplishes a reasonable balance between ‘diverging’ and ‘converging.’ (S. G.Isaksen, D. J.Treffinger, 1985); Ecological approach to CPS (S. G. Isaksen, G. J. Puccio, D. J.Treffinger, 1993); CPS framework that includes three distinct components: “Understanding the Problem, Generating Ideas and Planning for Action” and six stages (S. G. Isaksen, K. B. Dorval, D. J. Treffinger, 1994); Modified CPS to become “easier to learn and use”and adding a fifth convergent thinking rule (J.Vehar, R. Firestien, B. Miller, 1999); CPS comprises of three conceptual stages: Clarification, Transformation, Implementation, six explicit process steps with six repetitions of divergence and convergence within each, and one central executive step (G. J. Puccio, M.C. Murdock, M. Mance, 2007).
Modern approaches: Knowledge integration and problem-solving (S. Hélie, R. Sun,2002); Evaluation process in problem solving (Hiroaki Suzuki, Kazuo Hiraki, 2003; Hiroaki Suzuki, 2004); Sensitivity to problems, and setting and testing hypotheses, which is preceded by comprehensive perception of the core of the problem or the problematic situation (M. Zidan, 2006); Process of creative problem finding (W.P. Hu, Q. Han, 2006; L. M. Surhone, 2010); Problem solving by Productive Thinking Model (T. Hurson, 2007); Problem-solving styles and creativity (J.C. Houtz, E.C. Selby (2009); A unified theory and a connectionist model of creative problem solving: Incubation and Insight (S. Hélie, R. Sun, 2010).
Creative problem solving in education (John Dewey,1910; J. H. Flavell, 1976; D. T. Tuma, F. Reif, 1980; O.K. Duell, 1986; L.B. Resnick, L.E. Klopfer; S. R. Yussen, 1985, S G. Isaksen, D. J. Treffinger, 1991; W.J. Stepien, S.A. Gallagher, D. Workman, 1993; G. D. Shack, 1993; W. J. Stepien, S. A Gallagher, D. Workman, 1993; B.L.Gramond, 2009); Problem-Based Learning (A.M. Matyushkin, 1968, I.Y. Lerner, 1974; M.I. Makhmutov, 1977; A. V. Brushlinskii, 1983, V.T. Kudryavtsev, 1991); Training in creative problem solving: problem-solving skills (M. S Basadur, G. B Graen, S. G. Green, 1982); Interaction of creative thinking skills, attitudes and behaviors (M.S. Basadur, M.A. Runco, L.A. Vega, 2000).
Universal essence and cross-cutting nature of problem solving (H. Gardner, 1985; M. W Matlin, 1989; M. Runco, G. Dow, 1999); Close relation and identity of the processes of thinking, problem solving and creativity (I. A.Taylor, 1959, 1963; E. Bono, 1970; E.Torrance, 1976, 1995; J. Guilford, 1977,1979; D.W. MacKinnon, 1978; D. Perkins,1981; H. Simon,1985; G. Kaufmann,1988; J.F. Voss, 1989; M. T. Moore, M. C. Murdock, 1991; M. Runco, 1994, S. G. Isaksen, 1995); Problem solving and creative thinking (R. E. Mayer, 1983; R. W. Weisberg, 1988); Interaction of creative thinking skills, attitudes and behaviors (M.S. Basadur, M.A. Runco, L.A. Vega, 2000), Model of creative problem solving (TRoP) as the interaction of goal and created trial structures and options of it achieving (E. Necka, 1994, 2003).
The main stages of the creativity and creative problem solving (model of the creative process):
Saturation (preparation), 2. Incubation 3. Illumination (Inspiration) (H. Helmholtz,1891,1896); 1.Random combinations 2. Selection (A. Poincare,1908); 1.Preparation, 2. Incubation (and Intimation), 3. Illumination, 4. Verification (G. Wallas, 1926); Threeact of creativity: 1. Emergence of the idea. 2. Logical design of the idea. 3. Implementation (P.K.Engelmeyer 1910; A.M.Bloh, 1920); 1.Inventing. 2. Examining (K. Popper,1934; H. Reichenbach, 1938); 1. Observation of the need. 2.Analysis. 3. A survey. 4.A formulation of all objective solutions 5.A critical analysis of these solutions. 6. The birth of the new idea. 7. Experimentation selection and perfection (J. Rossman,1931); Two stages of creativity inspiration and elaboration (Ernst Kris, 1952); 1.Orientation 2. Preparation 3. Analysis. 4. Ideation 5. Incubation. 6. Synthesis. 7. Evaluation (A. Osborn, 1953); 1. Fact-finding. 2. Idea-finding. 3. Solution-finding (A. Osborn, 1963); 1. Variation. 2.Selection. 3.Retention. ( Cambell, 1960), Hypotheses generating and their verification (A.T.Shumilin, 1969); 1. Logical analysis. 2. Intuitive solution . 3. Verbalization of intuitive solution. 4 Formalization of verbalized solutions (Y. Ponomarev, 1976); MG Taylor Models: 1. Identity. 2. Vision. 3. Intent. 4. Insight. 5. Engineering. 6. Building. 7. Using. (M. Taylor, Richard Goring, 1979); 1. Accept the situation (as a challenge). 2. Analyze. 3.Define. 4. Ideate. 5. Select. 6. Implement. 7. Evaluate. (D. Koberg, J. Bagnall, 1981); 1.Random variation 2. Natural selection ( D. Campbell,1960; D.K.Simonton,1988); Objective finding. 2. Fact finding 3. Problem finding. 4. Idea finding. 5. Solution finding. 6. Acceptance finding. (S. J. Parnes, 1967; S. G., Isaksen, D. J.Treffinger, 1985); 1. Frustration. 2. Regression. 3.Primary processes. 4.Revision 6. Resolution (J.Harris, J.Harris, 1984); 1.Conception. 2.Gestation. 3. Parturition. 4. Bringing up the baby. (F. Barron,1988); 1. Conception. 2. Vision. 3. Current reality. 4. Take action. 5. Adjust, learn, evaluate, adjust. 6. Building momentum. 7. Completion 8. Living with your creation (R. Fritz,1991); The DirectedCreativity Cycle: A Synthesis Model of the Creative Process: 1. Preparation (observation, analysis) 2. Imagination (generation, harvesting). 3. Development (enhancement, evolution). 4. Action (implemention, living with it) (P. E. Plsek, 1996); 1. Preparation. 2. Incubation. 3. Insight. 4. Evalution. 5. Elaboration. (M. Czikszentmihalyi, 1996); 1. Clarification. 2. Transformation. 3. Implementation (G. J. Puccio, M.C Murdock, M. Mance, 2007), Creativity and Problem Solving as a holistic process, which includes an interaction, overlapping and blending of the steps (C. Partick, 1937; M. Wertheimer, 1945; J. Hadamar, 1945; J.E.Eidhoven, W.E.Vinacke,1952; W.E.; Chiselin,1963; T. Amabile, 1966; J. W. Getzels, M. Czikszentmihalyi, 1976; Т. Lubart, 2003), 1. Clarification and identify the problem. 2. Research of the problem. 3. Formulation of the creative challenges. 4. Ideas Generation. 5. Combination and evaluation the ideas. 6. Drawing up an action plan. 7. Implementation of the ideas (J. Baumgartner 2010).
4. Creativity as a Creative Dialogue.
5. Creativity as a Creative Self-actualisation.
To be continued
Sergey L. Markov (2016)
1. Markov, S. L. (1997) Mechanisms of Creative Dialogue With the World. Paper presented at the 105th annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, August 17, 1997. Chicago, IL.
2. Markov, S.L. (2012) Kvintologichnyi pidhid do pobudovy edynoi teorii tvorchosti [Kvintological approach to the construction of a unified theory of creativity]. Pravnychyi visnyk universitetu “KROK”, 11, 160 -171.